Cronos (cro) 
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Building a 1 Billion TPS Layer-1 Blockchain: A Step-by-Step Guide
Are you intrigued by the buzz surrounding layer-1 blockchain networks promising millions or even billions of transactions per second (TPS)? If you’ve ever wondered how to create your own ultra-fast blockchain network, this guide breaks it down for you. Let’s explore how you can build a 1 billion TPS layer-1 network by following a few key steps.
Step 1: Leverage a Supercomputer and Run EVM
To kickstart your high-TPS blockchain, you’ll need a high-performance supercomputer. A single, top-tier machine can run transactions in the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) at approximately 100,000 TPS. However, achieving this throughput requires bypassing the Patricia Merkle Trie during reads and writes to the permanent state. This bottleneck limits standard EVM performance to under 100 TPS.
Why use EVM? Being EVM-compatible or EVM-equivalent has become essential in web3 development. Most web3 applications are written in Solidity or other languages that compile into EVM bytecode. By embracing EVM compatibility, your network can attract developers who are already familiar with this ecosystem, ensuring faster adoption and growth.
Step 2: Simplify the Network
Instead of creating a complex decentralized network, stick with a single machine. While traditional blockchain networks rely on multiple nodes to reach consensus, this process introduces communication overhead and slows down transaction speeds. By using a single machine, you eliminate the need for consensus mechanisms and streamline operations.
If concerns about centralization arise, you can introduce additional machines with designated roles, such as “data availability nodes,” to create the appearance of decentralization. This approach is widely adopted by many layer-2 projects.
Step 3: Implement Sharding
To scale your network further, introduce sharding—a technique that divides the network into smaller, independent parts called shards. In this case, you can create 100 shards by replicating your single machine 100 times.
Sharded networks typically synchronize state information across machines to ensure consistency during cross-shard transactions. However, your shards can operate independently without synchronization for simplicity.
With 100 shards operating at 100,000 TPS each, your blockchain now achieves 10 million TPS.
Step 4: Replace EVM with WASM-JIT
While EVM compatibility is important, it can be slow due to its stack-based architecture designed for portability and execution correctness. To further boost performance, replace EVM with WASM-JIT (WebAssembly Just-In-Time compilation). WASM-JIT is highly efficient and can compile major programming languages into native register-based machine code, outperforming EVM by up to 100x in execution speed.
By combining WASM-JIT with your sharded network, you achieve 1 billion TPS, positioning your blockchain as a high-performance solution.
“You now have 1 billion TPS. Congratulations!”
Final Thoughts
Creating a high-TPS blockchain is no small feat, but by leveraging cutting-edge technology like supercomputers, sharding, and WASM-JIT, you can achieve remarkable results. Stay tuned for more insights into optimizing concurrency and pushing the limits of blockchain performance.
About the Author: Steven Pu is the co-founder of Taraxa, a fast, scalable, and device-friendly layer-1 public ledger designed to democratize reputation by making informal data trustworthy. With extensive experience in IoT, mobile healthcare, and blockchain, Steven has launched multiple ventures and products. He holds undergraduate and master’s degrees in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University and co-authored the book “Next Blockchain” alongside Makoto Yano.
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